Prenatal development
Prenatal development significantly influences a child's future emotional well-being. Factors such as maternal nutrition, exposure to toxins, and prenatal stress can affect brain development. For instance, studies indicate that inadequate maternal nutrition can lead to poor cognitive outcomes and increased vulnerability to emotional disturbances in later life (Lindström, 2010). Additionally, maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy have been linked to increased risk of emotional dysregulation in children, emphasizing the importance of psychological well-being during this critical period (Duncan & Hastings, 2010).
Early childhood
Early childhood experiences further shape social and emotional development. Secure attachment formed during infancy—developed through consistent and responsive caregiving—has been positively correlated with better social skills and emotional health in adolescents (Bowlby, 1982). Conversely, children who experience neglect, abuse, or inconsistent caregiving may face challenges in emotional regulation and form dysfunctional social relationships as they progress into adolescence (Cohen & Ma, 2012).
Adolescence
The role of play in early childhood cannot be understated. Engaging in play-based activities fosters social skills such as sharing, cooperation, and empathy. Vygotsky (1978) posits that play is a critical context for social learning, allowing children to navigate social interactions in a safe environment. This social competence developed in early childhood is foundational in influencing how adolescents interact with peers and manage conflicts.